I've seen those back out like you describe.
They are usually not torqued properly.
In your case I would carefully do the torque with a torque wrench, not a impact driver.
Since you have probably lost part of the threads inside the crank I would consider doing as KE4 suggests but try to not use any flat washers, just a lock washer. Slight chance the 4 incher might not bottom out without using flat washers. Those are fine threads so if your tap cuts instead of chase's the remaining good threads you are most likely sol.
When you add flat washers to the longer bolt and a lock washer you are weakening/defeating the securing purpose of the lock washer.
I would also try to use at least a grade 5 bolt and use a Blue of Green locktite AFTER cleaning the internal crank threads really good. If it comes loose again, you stand a good chance of losing the crankshaft. Do a test fit of the re-tapped threads and the bolts length and measure to make sure the bolt is not bottoming in the crankshaft threads BEFORE INSTaLLING THE PULLEYS.Do not assume the original bolt was the correct length. I've seen several different lengths of bolts used due to the difference in the pulley from tractor to tractor.
You need to examine the keyway's really good, especially the lower PTO pulley if of the electric type or two piece pulley type so as to make sure no twist torque wobble is being applied to the bolt's head and lock washer as the engine runs due to the key or KEYWAY being damaged or the bolt will work loose again.